Spondylosis
What is it?
Spondylosis is a condition that primarily affects the spine, causing its degeneration. It usually involves the discs, ligaments, and joints, and it is also known as spinal osteoarthritis. It is a common condition that is often associated with aging. Spondylosis can affect different parts of the spine, including the cervical (neck), thoracic (mid-back), and lumbar (lower back) regions. Each of these regions can have different symptoms and treatment options.
Symptoms
Cervical spondylosis typically causes neck pain, stiffness, and sometimes pain radiating to the arms or hands. There may also be numbness or weakness in the arms or hands. Thoracic spondylosis is less common but can cause mid-back pain and stiffness. Lumbar spondylosis is the most common type, causing lower back pain, stiffness, and sometimes radiating pain to the buttocks or legs. There may also be numbness or weakness in the legs.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of spondylosis usually involves a physical examination and medical history. The doctor will ask about symptoms and perform a physical exam to check for pain, flexibility, range of motion, and neurological function. Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans may be used to check for abnormalities, disc or nerve issues. Nerve function tests such as Electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies might be used to evaluate the electrical activity in the nerves and muscles.
Treatment
Treatment for spondylosis depends on the severity and location of the condition. Non-surgical treatments include physical therapy, exercise, and medications (anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, or pain relievers). Epidural injections, which are steroid injections delivered into the epidural space, an area between the protective covering of the spinal cord (the dura mater) and the inside of the bony spinal canal, can also help reduce inflammation and alleviate pain.
Surgical options are indicated in cases of severe, refractory pain or significant neurological impairment. Options include decompression surgery, spinal fusion, or disc replacement, depending on the underlying pathology and spinal level affected.
Spondylosis is a chronic condition; management focuses on symptom relief and maintaining function. Patient education on posture, ergonomics, and regular exercise is essential. Long-term follow-up may be necessary, especially in cases with neurological involvement.